The Principle of Beneficence vs Patient Autonomy and Rights

Special Feature – Medical Ethics Essay Singapore Med J 2002 Vol 43(3) : 148-151 Deconstructing Paternalism – What Serves the Patient Best? N H S S Tan (This Essay won the Singapore Medical Association Ethics Essay Award (Non-medical Undergraduate Category) in 2001.) ABSTRACT On the motion that â€Å"medical paternalism serves the patient best†, this essay reviews current arguments on medical paternalism vs. patient autonomy. Citing medico-ethical texts and journals and selected real-life applications like electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and the advanced medical directive (AMD), the essay argues that medical paternalism cannot serve the patient best insofar as current debates limit themselves to â€Å"who† wields the decision-making power. Such†¦show more content†¦Paternalists would claim that physicians have a â€Å"medical tradition to serve the patient’s well-being†, with the prerogative to preserve life and thus have the patient’s best interests at heart (Mappes and DeGrazia, 1996; p.52). Singapore Med J 2002 Vol 43(3) : 149 Far from paternalism understood as a dogmatic decision made by the physician, James Childress in his book â€Å"Who Shall Decide?† further expounds paternalism into multi-faceted dimensions. Pure paternalism intervenes on account of the welfare of a person, while impure paternalism intervenes because more than one person’s welfare is at stake. Restricted paternalism curbs a patient’s inherent tendencies and extended paternalism encompasses minimising risk in situations through restrictions. Positive paternalism promotes the patient’s good and negative paternalism seeks to prevent an existing harm. Soft paternalism appeals to the patient’s values and hard paternalism applies another’s value over the patient. Direct paternalism benefits the person who has been restricted and indirect paternalism benefits a person other than the one restricted. Whatever the case may be, the guiding principle of modern paternalism,† says Gary Weiss, â€Å" remains that the physician decides what is best for the patient and tries to follow that course of action† (1985; p.184). That the physician determines ‘what is best’ is questionable. The medical profession’s back-to-basicsShow MoreRelatedA Careful and Meaningful Consideration of my Journey in Nursing Ethics1614 Words   |  7 Pagesresort that showcases the function of reason and knowledge in understanding the complex nature of relationship that exist between the Healthcare System, the patient, and the Healthcare provider. For a safe and effective nursing practice, a proper knowledge and understanding of nursing code of ethics, the definitions, concepts and principles of all stakeholders need to be recognized. My journey in Nursing Ethics has provided me with an opportunity to think over some of my life and clinical practiceRead MoreThe Ama Code Of Medical Ethics1520 Words   |  7 Pagesis the backbone to honorable physician patient interactions. Unfortunately, throughout history there have been many cases where physicians have used a patient’s lower socioeconomic status to manipulate the obtaining of informed consent. The AMA Code of Medical Ethics predates back to 1847, yet cases continue to arise directly breaking their key principles. These principles include autonomy, justice, beneficence, non-maleficence; and if followed ensure patients receive a high quality of care. InformedRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Ethical Theory865 Words   |  4 Pagesinform a patient of an untreatable cancer, or to not inform. This case in my opinion has the most merit, and can be applied to Mill’s Utilitarian Ethical Theory, the Kantian ethical theory, as well as the Principle of Beneficence and the Principle of Respect for Autonomy in order to determine an appropriate response for the doctor to act upon. Utilitarianism is an idea generated by John Stuart Mill and encompasses the idea of Principle of Utility. The Principle states that acts are right when theyRead MoreEthical Issues Facing The Healthcare Industry905 Words   |  4 Pageshospice agencies specifically. In this program, I will reference ethical principles used today as well as reference historical ethicists and philosophers that backup the items outlined in this ethics program. There are two major topics to be discussed. The first will be how to treat patients that are at the end of their life, which includes their loved ones as well. A specific issue to be addressed in terms of patient care will be the option of doctor-assisted suicide, often called euthanasiaRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Artificial Nutrition And Hydration Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pagesartificial nutrition and hydration in terminally ill patient. Artificial nutrition is very important in terminal ill patients in their end stage of life. It is v ery helpful to provide nutrients and fluids to the patient who is unable to take it by himself. In palliative units, AHN help to enhance the comfort and quality of care of patient. The purpose of this paper is to narrate how ethical issues can become challenging for health professional, patient and their family members. In following paragraphRead MoreCommon Disorders Commonly Occur And Rare Ones Rarely Happen Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesof generalist physicians per 1 million people was 26% lower than the number of specialty physicians (Hing Schappert, September 2012). In addition to that statistic, patients visited their general practitioner 30% more annually than a specialty physician, and general practitioners spent 31 hours or more per week with their patients than specialty physicians, despite the fact that there are more specialty physicians than general physicians (Hing Schappert, September 2012). If the statement wereRead MorePrinciples Of Ethics : Respect For Autonomy, Beneficence, Non Maleficence And Justice1450 Words   |  6 Pageswhich should be the uttermost purpose and outcome of any treatment. Ethical Aspects There are four principles of ethics: Respect for autonomy, Beneficence, Non maleficence and Justice. This four principles offers comprehensive thought of the ethical issues in clinical settings (Beauchamp and Childress 2001 cited in UK Clinical ethics Network 2011). Respect for Autonomy Cambridge (2016) defines autonomy as the ability to make a decision without any influence from any individual. Similarly, it is theRead MoreEthical Aspects Of Organ Allocation1169 Words   |  5 Pageshow organs are dispersed to their recipients. It does not mean giving all patients the equivalent or saving only the sickest patient, but, instead, offers that uniform respect and apprehension be assumed to all patients. Medical utility means accomplishing the greatest net medical good overall and making the finest use of limited resources to be allocated. For example, there are several questions which ask about the patient, which are, is the child medically ready for transplant? Is the child tooRead MoreShould Vaccines Be Government Enforced?1584 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition, run counter to every relevant set of medical ethics. Particularly the principles of Autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence (AMA). Autonomy argues a patient obtain autonomy of thought, intention, and ac tion when making decisions in regard to medical procedures. Beneficence requires medical actions be performed for the good of the patient and others. Nonmaleficence requires that a procedure does not harm the patient involved or others in society (Pantilat). All three of these ethical practicesRead MorePregnancy Is The Best News For Individuals3563 Words   |  15 Pagesbloodline, or only the love for children make people want to have babies. When the first child comes, his or her arrival redefines people from a couple to a family. It bonds people for life in many inexplicable ways that are too big to be apparent right away after the birth. Most individuals, and couples want to plan the timing and spacing of their childbearing, and also want to avoid unintended pregnancies, for a range of social, economic and psychological reasons. Pregnancy is not always the best

The Heroism of Dying for Ones Country in Poetry Essay

The Heroism of Dying for Ones Country in Poetry The Volunteer is a Pro-War poem written by Herbert Asquith. Asquith uses roman imagery to invoke a feeling of greatness and honour. Asquith begins his poem by describing the miserable, mundane life of a clerk, working in a city grey. He opens with the words Here lies that are normally used to begin writing on a gravestone. This epitaph - style opening gives the idea that the clerk has now passed away and the poem will concentrate on events beforehand. We are told the clerk has spent half his life doing boring work (..Toiling at ledgers..), his days drifting away. There is a distinct lack of fulfilment in his life, ..With no lance broken in lifes tournament (Lance†¦show more content†¦This poem is very pro-war and is remarkably influential in using roman imagery to sway the readers judgement in his favour. Overall, it is written quite effectively. Another pro-war poem is Henry V. It is actually a speech from Henry V by William Shakespeare. It is his interpretation of what Henry V would have said to his men in an effort to inspire them before they fought at Agincourt. The writer uses the idea that the men will be remembered as heroes and become famous to enthuse them. He begins his speech by naming the day the feast of Crispian. He goes onto declare that ..He that outlives this day shall stand taller (..Stand a tiptoe) on this day in the future. This will make the men that fight feel superior; and more importantly it will make those who dont fight feel inferior. The words feast and flowing cups are also used. These give the imagery of a better life with plenty of food and drink. (possibly that of a king.) He goes on say that every year the man who fought: ..will strip his sleeve, and shows his scars, And say - These wounds I had on Crispins day This quote fits in with the thought that scars are a notable accessory and that they will impress people. The men who fought will have the image inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Poem Dulce Et Decorum Est1692 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Welcome back to the Poetry and Society unit of the literature topic. We are moving on from last week’s poetry type, American slam and we are now studying Protest and Resistance poetry. The protest poem ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’, written by Wilfred Owen, challenges the dominant World War One ideologies of militarism and nationalism. You will find that this poem is a great example as it defies the dominant values and beliefs of war in Britain. Wilfred Owen Let’s discuss the poet. WilfredRead MoreThe Heroism Of The Men1328 Words   |  6 Pagesand to remember the bravery of those who fought. On the other, hand Wilfred Owen s poem Dulce et Decorum Est was the opposite, anti-romanticism of war, he too did not want the bravery of the men to be lost forever. Each of the poems praised the heroism of the men, one written in a military cadence, and the other written to emphasize the exhaustion and what by now have become the mundane reality of war and the horrific deaths these men suffered. Lord Alfred Tennyson romanticized the notion of warRead MoreThe Murder Of Mankind By Isaac Rosenberg971 Words   |  4 PagesThe Murder of Mankind War Critic Udari Munasinghe unlocks the ideology of War. â€Å"Two armies that fight each other is like one large army that commits suicide† Patriotism towards one’s home is the lie that resulted in the murder of over 17 million soldiers during World War one. The Great War was said to be the â€Å"the war to end all wars† but instead lead to mass slaughter. Many of us still dignify the war in glory and honour, however, in the eyes of the soldiersRead More The Horrors of War in Wilfred Owens Poem, Dulce et Decorum Est1032 Words   |  5 PagesThe Horrors of War in Wilfred Owens Poem, Dulce et Decorum Est From the earliest records of history, accounts of war have been portrayed as valiant acts of heroism. Children and adults alike have gathered together to hear tales of war and its glory. From the stories of Alexander the Great to recent-day movies like Saving Private Ryan, war has been praised and exalted with words such as bravery, honor, and freedom. However, Wilfred Owens poem Dulce et Decorum Est shows the ugly, horribleRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est2255 Words   |  10 Pagestranslation of the Latin title is:  «It is sweet and proper ». The completed sentence is as follows:  «It is sweet and proper to die for ones country ». This forms, what the writer refers to as,  «The old Lie ». The poem holds a strong criticism towards the conventional view of war at that written time. I shall now comment briefly on that times traditional ideas of war and heroism. Further on, I shall have a concise look at some information about the author and his context. Then, I would like to put to lightRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est2249 Words   |  9 Pagestranslation of the Latin title is:  «It is sweet and proper ». The completed sentence is as follows:  «It is sweet and proper to die for ones country ». This forms, what the writer refers to as,  «The old Lie ». The poem holds a strong criticism towards the conventional view of war at that written time. I shall now comment briefly on that times traditional ideas of war and heroism. Further on, I shall have a concise look at some information about the author and his context. Then, I would like to put to lightRead MorePortrayal of War in the Pre 1900 Poetry Essay3056 Words   |  13 PagesPortrayal of War in the Pre 1900 Poetry Before 1900, war was always seen as a glorious thing. People truly believed in the words of the ancient writer Horace, Dulce et decorum est, pro patria mori. This phrase can be translated, as It is a lovely and honourable thing; to die for ones country. Pre 1900 war poetry was strongly patriotic and glossed over the grim reality of death, preferring instead to display the heroic aspects of fighting. If death was mentionedRead More Comparison of Dulce et Decorum Est and Charge of the Light Brigade3627 Words   |  15 Pagesand contrast the two poems Dulce et Decorum Est (Owen) with Charge of the Light Brigade (Tennyson), paying particular attention to the writers’ attitude to war. The attitudes of poets towards war have always been expressed vigorously in their poetry, each poet either condoning or condemning war, and mitigating their attitudes in whatever way possible. I aim to explore the change in the portrayal of war before and during the twentieth century, and also the structures and devices poets use Read MoreWho Goes with Fergus11452 Words   |  46 Pagesturn instead to the mysterious order of nature, over which Fergus rules. Analysis This short poem is full of mystery and complexity. It was James Joyces favorite poem, and figures in his famous novel Ulysses, where Stephen Daedalus sings it to his dying mother. On one level, the poem represents Yeats exhortation to the young men and women of his day to give over their political and emotional struggles in exchange for a struggle with the lasting mysteries of nature. He suggests that Fergus was bothRead MoreWalts Whitmans Vision of America in Leaves of Grass17685 Words   |  71 PagesContents†© I. †© Introduction†©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†©4†© Starting†©point†©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†©4†© Short†©biography†©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†©5†© Historical†©context†©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†©7†© Thematic†©analysis†©of†©poems†© a. Beauty†©of†©the†©country†©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†©8†© b. Democracy†©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†©17†© c. War†©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†©25†© d. Future†©generations†©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†©34†© †© II. †© III. †© IV. †© V. VI. †© Overview†©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†©44

Basic Structure Corporate Governance

Questions: 1. What is the purpose and objectives of corporate governance, and the principles on which it is based? 2. An explanation of what is meant by rules-based and principles-based approaches to corporate governance, identifying the arguments for each approach? 3. What advantages might the company gain through the appointment of non executive directors? 4. Explain the importance of board committees in corporate governance? 5. An Identification of three of the committees frequently established in organisations and explain their purpose? Answers: Introduction Corporate governance is associated with the means, system and procedures as well as relation through which organization are controlled and directed. Corporate governance enables an organization to find out the basic allocation and responsibilities among the different members of the organization. With the help of the corporate governance, an organization is able to set up the basic aims and objectives of the organization in relation to the social, market and regulatory environment (Hirschey, John and Makhija, 2004). Being an accountant, it is my duty to make my clients aware about the basic structure of corporate governance and its impact on UK business. This will help my clients who are new in the business world to acquire all the required knowledge and thereby carry out their business smoothly and efficiently and gain success in the long run. The basic knowledge which my client should acquire has been discussed in the current report. There are several issues which have arrived due to the improper management of corporate governance. The fall of Enron is the biggest example which showed how the inefficiency of corporate governance can result in the total devastation of the organization. Tesco was also once accused for misrepresentation of the financial report. Thus, it is very significant for any organization- new or old, big or small, to follow the rules and regulation of corporate governance. 1. Purpose, objectives and principles of corporate governance Corporate governance is a basic structure which is used by the companies for the purpose of specifying the particular operations as well as guidelines for their employees. Corporate governance is considered to be framework that will be developed to address the goals and objectives of the organization. The purpose of the corporate in the organization has been discussed broadly (Mallin, 2004): Long term Relationship Corporate governance deals with long term relationship of organization. This involves dealing with checks and balances, extra incentives for the managers and interaction between the managers and investors as well. Corporate governance enables the organization to manage this long term relationship efficiently and effectively so that the organization is able to meet their targeted goal. Transactional Relationship Corporate governance also looks after the transactional relationship which is engaged in dealing with disclosure and authority. With proper control and management with the help corporate governance, the organization is able to carry out their business smoothly (Mallin, 2004). The basic objectives of the corporate governance are: Fair representation and Transparency The main objective of corporate governance is to provide a fair and transparent view of an organization by providing full disclosure of the accounts of the specific company. This implies that the organization should follow all the rules and regulation and provide the correct information to the shareholders and investors. Accountability Corporate governance makes it compulsory for the management of the organization to remain accountable and responsible to the shareholders. The board of directors is responsible for approving the compensation of the independent directors in order to make sure that the structure of the compensation is fair and is able to satisfy the interest of the shareholders (Monks and Minow, 2004). Equal treatment of shareholders Another important objective of shareholders is to make sure that all the shareholders of the company are treated equally and they are provided with the chance to satisfy their needs. Self-evaluation Corporate governance enables the firms to assess and appraise their behavior before being examined by some regulatory body. Strong corporate governance helps an organization to reduce the chances of regulatory risks and fines (Jackson, 2001). The principles of corporate governance which should be considered by a newly formed organization had been discussed here: Rights and equitable treatment of shareholders Interest of other stakeholders Roles and responsibilities of the board Integrity and ethical behavior Disclosure and transparency 2. Rules-based and principles-based approaches to corporate governance Rules based approach to corporate governance creates huge emphasis on achievements instead of considering the basic factors as well as guidelines. Generally, rule based approach to corporate governance is required to be found in legal jurisdiction as well as the culture which create huge emphasis on obeying the letter of the law instead of spirit. The most important fact is that rule based approach often undertake the form of the legislation themselves (Arjoon, 2006). As against this, principle based approach to corporate governance concentrates on the objectives instead of mechanism. The principles based approach to corporate governance put stress on some elements which are not taken into account by the rules based approach. It is important to note that principles based approach is used in UK. Principal based approach to corporate governance is applied in all the fields of legal jurisdiction. In UK, Principles-based approach is used as it enables the directors to report on the appropriate circumstances and is based on all the specific requirements. In this approach, the change procedure is quite easy. This implies that with the changing condition and the desires of the shareholders, the code of practice can be easily updated and improved (Samaduzzaman, 2012). Arguments From the above analysis, it is clear that principle based approach and rule based approach to corporate governance is quite different from each others. There are several arguments associated with these two approaches. A large number of critics consider the principle based approach to be more effective that the rule based approach. Generally, principle based approach to corporate governance is followed in UK. This is because it is considered to provide the best report from the directors as well as it is changeable with the passing of generation. However, there are some disadvantages of the principle based approaches to corporate governance. The most significant arguments against the principle based approach in that it often creates very simple and meaningless statements and thus it becomes invalid in some cases. Another significant argument against the principle based approach is that it becomes quite difficult for the directors to make sure that they have achieved the necessary requi rements or not (Sama and Shoaf, 2005). The subjective element of principle based approach to corporate governance give rise different kinds of interpretation and this leads to confusion. Some of the codes of corporate coherence are not able to be complied as they are based on discretion. Confusion can also arise regarding the compulsory and non-compulsory codes. Rules based approach is generally used in EMAS environmental management system. However, some arguments also exist against the rule based approach to corporate governance. Although rule base based makes it easier to see that the rules are followed or not but it is based on whether the rules and the regulation are accurate or not. The most significant criticism against the rule based approach is that the regulators and the auditors find it quite problematic to deal with the significant questionable circumstances that are not included in the rule book (Skouloudis et al., 2013). 3. Appointment of non-executive directors Corporate Governance ensures that an organization should appoint non-executive directors for carrying out the function more effectively and running the business smoothly. A non -executive director of the company is entrusted with different kinds of responsibilities that help an organization to achieve its objective and thereby become successful in the long run. The advantages of appointing non-executive directors had been illustrated here (Higgs, 2003): 1. The appointments of non-executive directors will help in undertaking constructive challenges and it also enable to develop proposals on different kinds of strategy. 2. Another significant advantage of appointing non-executive director is that it helps in the process of assessing and analyzing the performance of the management and identify whether the organization has been able to meet its desired goals or not. 3. Non-executive directors also enable an organization to satisfy all the aspects of financial information and thereby regulate the risk management system. 4. Appointment of no-executive directors in the organization also provides with the scope of assessing the proper level of remuneration for executive directors in an organization. 5. The most important advantage of appointing non-executive directors is that it enables an organization to appoint as well as to remove executive directors as well it also aids the organization in process of succession planning . 4. Importance of Board Committees in Corporate Governance The business is organized under the supervision of board of directors. The board hand over to the executive officer and through them to other top management, the duties for organizing the business organization. The importance of the board is to look over the management of the business and to supervise the performance of top management (Spira and Bender, 2004). The importances of the board are: 1. To choose individuals for the membership of board and assess the activities of the board, and individual directors so that the business can be carried out in an efficient and systematic way. 2. To choose the senior management of the business according to their abilities through recruitment process. 3. To observe the activities of the top management of the company so that he may able to know how the senior management of the company is working. 4. To compensate the senior management of the company so that they can be motivated to do their work more efficiently. 5. The importance of board to ensure that the planning of management succession is appropriate. 6. To review and support the important commercial activities is also the importance of board of the company (Use board committees properly, 2015). 7. To review and observe the achievement of managements strategic plans as the business is carried out on the basis of strategic plans. 8. To review and support the annual operating plans and budget of the company so that the management of the company can work according to the operating plans of the company. 9. To observe the corporate activities and assess the outcome as compared to the strategic plans and other goals of the business. 10. To review the financial control of the company along with the reporting systems. 11. To observe the relationship between the shareholders, employees and the areas in which the business works. 12. To review companys moral standards and legal observance programs and processes (Use board committees properly, 2015). Importance of the Chairman The chairman guides the board; it also sets its agenda and assures that it is an efficient working team at the top of the business. He also encourages a culture of openness and is liable for efficient interaction with the stakeholders. He must also assure that board of directors should receive adequate and appropriate details (Waluszewski and Snehota, 2015). Importance of Non- Executive director The importances of non-executive director are as follows: 1. Non-executive director can help in improving proposals on strategy 2. He also analyses the performance of management in achieving the aims and objectives and observing the performance reports. 3. He ascertains the adequate levels of payment to the executive directors. 4. He has the power to appoint and remove the executive directors of the company (Waluszewski and Snehota, 2015). 5. He has the authority of sequence planning. 5. Three committees in an organization The three committees in organizations are the Audit Committee, the Personnel committee and the Nomination committee. The members of these committees are independent directors who are elected among the board of directors of the company. The members of the committee are elected by the independent members of the board on the suggestion of the corporate governance according to the qualification of the members (Folayan et al., 2012). The purpose of Audit Committee The Audit Committee is created by the board for the purpose of managing the accounting and financial reporting procedures of the business and audits of the financial statement of the business. The committee is liable for supporting the Boards error of the quality and integrity of the financial statement of the company. The committee is also liable for supporting the Boards error of the statutory audit of the financial statement of the company. The purpose of Personnel Committee The personnel committee involves at least three members of the board who satisfy all the related needs as fixed by Finnish Law and the rules of the stock exchanges where the companys shares are listed. The purpose of this committee is to direct the personnel based policies and practices at company. It supports the board in releasing its duties based on all compensation which includes equity compensation of the firms executives and their terms of employment (Folayan et al., 2012). The purpose of Nomination Committee Nomination committee includes three to five members of the board who satisfy all needs as instructed by Finnish Law and the rules of the stock market. The purpose of Nomination Committee is to make the proposals for the general meetings based on the work of the board and the director payment to be permitted by the stakeholders. Another purpose of this committee is to observe problems and practices based on corporate governance and to suggest essential actions. It also suggests the stakeholders the director nominees for selection at the Annual General Meeting along with the director payment (Folayan et al., 2012). Conclusion The complete details of the Corporate Governance of UK will surely help my client to understand all the facts related to it. This knowledge will be very helpful for him as it will help him to open his new business efficiently and effectively. References Arjoon, S. (2006). Striking a Balance Between Rules and Principles-based Approaches for Effective Governance: A Risks-based Approach. J Bus Ethics, 68(1), pp.53-82. Folayan, M., Adaranijo, A., Durueke, F., Ajuwon, A., Adejumo, A., Ezechi, O., Oyedeji, K. and Akanni, O. (2012). Impact of Three Years Training on Operations Capacities of Research Ethics Committees in Nigeria. Developing World Bioethics, 14(1), pp.1-14. Higgs, D. (2003). Review of the role and effectiveness of non-executive directors. London: The Stationery Office. Hirschey, M., John, K. and Makhija, A. (2004). Corporate governance. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI. Jackson, A. (2001). Towards a "Mutual Understanding of Objectives"? Attitudes of institutional investors and listed companies to corporate governance reform. Corporate Governance, 9(3), pp.196-205. Mallin, C. (2004). Corporate governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Monks, R. and Minow, N. (2004). Corporate governance. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub. Sama, L. and Shoaf, V. (2005). Reconciling Rules and Principles: An Ethics-Based Approach to Corporate Governance. J Bus Ethics, 58(1-3), pp.177-185. Samaduzzaman, M. (2012). The Importance of Both Rules Based Approach and Principles Based Approaches to Eradicate Threats from Accounting and Auditing Profession. AJBMR, 2(4), pp.1-8. Skouloudis, A., Jones, K., Sfakianaki, E., Lazoudi, E. and Evangelinos, K. (2013). EMAS statement: Benign accountability or wishful thinking? Insights from the Greek EMAS registry. Journal of Environmental Management, 128, pp.1043-1049. Spira, L. and Bender, R. (2004). Compare and Contrast: perspectives on board committees. Corporate Governance, 12(4), pp.489-499. Use board committees properly. (2015). Board Administrator for Administrators Only, 31(8), pp.3-3. Waluszewski, A. and Snehota, I. (2015). Editorial. IMP Journal, 9(1).

What Brought Our Ancestors To America Essay Example For Students

What Brought Our Ancestors To America? Essay What was the dream that brought our ancestors toAmerica? It was rebirth, the craving for men to be bornagain, the yearning for a second chance. With all of theseideas comes the true American dream-Freedom. This is thecondition in which a man feels like a human being. It is thepurpose and consequence of rebirth. Throughout the life ofLangston Hughes he presented ideas in his writings thathelp to define his perception of the American dream.Inbeginning, Langston Hughes was born on February 1,1902 in Joplin, Missouri. His father was James NathanielHughes, a man who studied law but was unable to take theexamination for the bar because he was black. His motherwas Carrie Hughes, a woman who studied at the Universityof Kansas in an ongoing struggle to earn a living outside ofdomestic labor. Langstons father left home to live in Cubaand then Mexico to free himself from the Jim Crow lawsand Segregation. Hughes then went to live with hisgrandmother in Lawrence, Kansas until he was thirteen. His grandmother, Mary Sampson Patterson Leary Langston,was very prominent in the African American community ofLawrence. Her first husband was killed at Harpers Ferrywhile fighting with John Brown; her second husband,Hughes grandfather, was a prominent politician in Kansasduring the Reconstruction. During the time that he lived withhis grandmother, however, she was old and poor resultingin little to eat and forcing them to rent out part of their smallhouse. Unable to give Langston the attention he neededand his feelings of hurt and rejection by both his mother andfather caused him to grow up very insecure and unsure ofhimself. In the second grade Langston was introduced tobooks and soon became fascinated with them and found itas an escape from his world into the wonderful world insideof them. At the age of thirteen Hughes went to live with hismother in Lincoln, Illinois and then Cleveland, Ohio wherehe went to high school. It was in Lincoln that Hughes wrotehis first poem after being ele cted class poet by his fellowclassmates. Hughes, the only black at his school, said thatthe only reason that he was elected was that his peers feltthat he must have a good sense of rhythm because of thecolor of his skin. This position of class poet sparkedHughes love for poetry and was the start of his life as apoet. Hughes soon began to write poetry quite frequentlyand he kept it all in a journal secret from other people. We will write a custom essay on What Brought Our Ancestors To America? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Langston Hughes is most famous for his poetry yet he alsohad a number of different careers throughout his lifetime. He was an author, poet, playwright, song lyricist, andlecturer starting in 1921. In the years of 1920-1921 he wasan English teacher in Mexico. In the years of 1949-1950Hughes can be credited with founding community theatresin major cities across the United States such as Harlem,Los Angeles, and Chicago. In following, what is theAmerican Dream? When asked, this question wouldreceive a variety of responses, yet the main response wouldprobably be freedom. The denotative meaning of theAmerican dream is given in the Random House Dictionary:1.The ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunitytraditionally held to be available to every American. 2. Alife of personal happiness and material comfort astraditionally sought by individuals in the U.S.(66) ManyAmericans persist in believing that America is the greatestcountry in the world and that man is basically good and canbe better and has the opportunity to fulfill his productivecapabilities. The belief that America should offer equalopportunit y to all men is a fundamental part of theAmerican dream.(Werner XI) History