Oxpeckers free essay sample

Oxpecker feathered creatures (Buphagus erythrorhynchus), or all the more regularly known as the â€Å"tick birds†, are both extremely entrancing, yet confounding little animals. Notable for being locals of the African mainland, the oxpecker flying creature can be effectively isolated into two diverse particular kinds of fledgling species: both the significant species and center types of the examination being red-charged oxpecker feathered creature (Buphagus erythrorhynchus) situated in northern Africa and the other inferred, sister species, being the yellow-charged oxpecker winged animal (Buphagus africanus) situated in southern Africa (Stutterheim et al.â , 2000). These two types of oxpecker flying creatures vary in appearance and bill shading, yet in addition mating sound, inclinations, and their natural surroundings area (Stutterheim et al. , 2000). While both of the oxpecker feathered creature species are known to be extremely loquacious and intriguing animals, these fowl s are most usually known for two reasons: 1. ) Their unprecedented and impossible to miss taking care of propensities and inclinations. 2. ) Their obtrusive and unidentifiable associations with their creature has. The two types of the oxpecker winged creature vary marginally by their taking care of propensities, yet chiefly contrasting on what kinds of creatures they decide to land upon and to be a host for their every day suppers (Stutterheim et al. , 2000). The oxpecker winged animal has caused a lot of contention with regards to its actual associations with creature has. It has been seen to have both a mutualistic and parasitic associations with the host they land upon (Stutterheim et al. , 2000). With further investigation for data on this winged creature, we can figure out what kind of relationship is genuinely present in the oxpeckers every day cooperations. The oxpecker feathered creature burns through the greater part of its run of the mill, typical day flying around and searching for an adequately measured ungulate host to land upon or rest upon to start its ordinary, regular taking care of procedure (Stutterheim et al. , 2000). When the host creature has been found and the winged creature has handled, the oxpecker feathered creature starts to evacuate and eat upon the attacking ticks that are waiting on or are joined to the ungulates enormous body (Weeks, 2000). The oxpecker fowls will keep on evacuating the attacking ticks with their bill until there are not, at this point any ticks present on the creature have (Weeks, 2000). In the event that any close by or approaching predator is coming to assault the creature have and is detected or seen by the resting, taking care of oxpecker fledgling, it quickly responds to the predator’s nearness and starts to take off from its host (Plantan, 2009). This unexpected movement of the oxpecker winged animal at last sends an admonition message to the clueless ungulate host to either flee or to shield itself from the predator that is drawing nearer (Plantan, 2009). This particular sort of relationship is regularly known as mutualism. Mutualism is the place the two species profits by the communication with each other nor are hurt all the while (Nunn et al. , 2011). For this situation, the flying creatures are by and large all around took care of while the creature have is freed of ticks and can abstain from approaching threat (Nunn et al. , 2011). Yet, the oxpecker winged creature isn't constantly observed or known as the cordial, accommodating buddy it typically has all the earmarks of being. While expelling the attacking ticks from ungulates body is by all accounts the oxpecker feathered creatures just occupation throughout everyday life, the oxpecker winged creature will now and then dispose of the evacuated ticks as its essential dinner decision totally (Weeks, 2000) Instead, the oxpecker fowl will utilize its bill to start to dissect and begin eat the crude substance surviving from poor people, clueless ungulate it is at present resting and taking care of upon (Weeks, 2000). On the off chance that no recently made injuries from attacking tick expulsion can be discovered waiting on the animal’s body for the feathered creature to eat upon, the oxpecker winged creature will utilize its bill and promptly start to peck open and make new injuries on the body so they can begin or proceed with their taking care of procedure (Bishop and Bishop, 2014). This sort of relationship is all the more ordinarily known as parasitism. Parasitism is the place just a single animal varieties profits by the communication while different picks up nothing consequently and is hurt (Nunn et al. , 2011). For this situation, the oxpecker winged creature is by and large all around took care of while the creature have is simply encountering torment (Nunn et al., 2011). These two fascinating and various kinds of associations can create significant turmoil and strife concerning what sort of relationship, parasitic or mutualistic, these oxpecker feathered creatures genuinely have w ith these ungulates has. Specialists have gone after for a long time to expand their insight about this confounding and impossible to miss little winged animal. By observing and recording the every day lives and communications of the oxpecker species and their hosts, tests had the option to be made and executed to find what the oxpecker feathered creature inclines toward as their essential feast source and whether it helps the creature has at long last. At last, these various tests and perceptions will permit data on these feathered creatures to be sorted out and lead to disclosure of whether the oxpecker and the ungulate hosts are considered to have a mutualistic relationship or a parasitic relationship. To dive further into this relationship riddle, singular investigations that were acted in various areas and that were executed in an alternate sort of way can be watched nearer. Every one of the analyses can hold data and decisions for either a parasitic or mutualistic relationship. The conclusive outcomes would then be able to be contrasted with comparable attempts to check whether this data remains constant for different examinations and if ends are comparative in any capacity. Assuming this is the case, the gathered data can either expose or check what ends aren't right and right. This will in general give what kind of relationship, or connections the oxpecker really has with its creature have. So as to do this, each kind of relationship independently should be taken a gander at independently and increasingly reasonable data must be found on every that can either demonstrate or invalidate the investigations ultimate results. The principal explore that was additionally assessed was preformed in 2004 at a nearby zoo situated in northern Switzerland. This trial will be a primary center, thinking of it as shows ideal instances of both the parasitic and mutualistic sorts of oxpecker winged animal connections. In this examination, various rhinoceroses were put in imprisonment and were moved in two separate natural surroundings inside the zoo with a couple oxpecker feathered creatures dwelling in every one of the two separate environments (McElligott et al. , 2004). In one of the natural surroundings, the hostage rhinoceroses were totally presented to attacking ticks and the entirety of the other outside bugs and factors (McElligott et al. , 2004). The other living space holding the other hostage rhinoceroses in the examination, in any case, were dealt with and cleaned of ticks or approaching vermin every prior day they came in any contact with the oxpecker feathered creatures (McElligott et al. , 2004). The day by day lives and connections of all the rhinoceros, their reactions to the oxpecker bird’s nearness and their general tick bounty in every one of the living spaces were watched and recorded day by day over a twenty-one day time frame (McElligott et al, 2004). Realizing that oxpeckers feed fundamentally on ticks and other annoying creepy crawlies, it would be accepted that the oxpecker feathered creature would totally clean the pervaded rhinoceros of the entirety of its characteristic nuisances and predators. Be that as it may, thi s anticipated result was not generally the situation for the tick invaded rhinoceroses natural surroundings. For the vast majority of this examination, the oxpecker winged creatures would utilize its bill to take out and eat just the tick that were situated on and expelled from the ungulate host (McElligott et al. , 2004). Be that as it may, practically part of the way through the investigation, the oxpeckers taking care of inclination result had started to change for the most exceedingly terrible (McElligott et al. , 2004). The oxpecker winged creatures would not just eat the ticks that they had been expelling, however they additionally started to pick at the crisp, draining injuries that were abandoned after the tick had been evacuated (McElligott et al. , 2004). The oxpecker bird’s recently discovered hunger for the host creatures blood might be because of the way that the tick suppers are regularly loaded up with the host animal’s blood before they are evacuated and eaten (Plantan, 2009). Accordingly, the oxpecker fowls gained a preference for the animal’s blood through the tick and discovered that they could acquire it by pecking and eating tissue directly from the animal’s body similarly as the ticks do (Plantan, 2009). These new open injuries, in any case, are bad for the host animal’s wellbeing. The injuries are left open to possible infections and other pathogenic outside variables that may at last be haunting to the creature have (McElligott et al. , 2004). Accordingly, this data and these outcomes lead nearer to the possibility of a parasitic relationship in light of the fact that the oxpeckers are being taken care of and supported while the rhinoceros are just being eaten alive. In contrast with this part of the investigation, another comparative test was done to gauge generally speaking tick bounty with the nonappearance of the oxpecker flying creatures. Ticks were gathered day by day from the groups of a crowd of steers in a field situated in Zimbabwe (Weeks, 2000). The quantity of ticks that were gathered from the dairy cattle and the quantity of wounds the ticks had made were checked and recorded day by day over a period range of one month (Weeks, 2000). The analysts at that point contrasted the missing oxpecker gathered information with the information of the steers that had been presented to oxpecker fowls (Weeks, 2000). The information of the cows presented to the oxpecker fowls demonstrated significant contrasts to the oxpecker free steers (Weeks, 2000). The consequences of the two pieces of the trial indicated that there was no genuine centrality in the quantity of attacking ticks that were expelled from the cows, however there was a major contrast between the quantity of wounds that were left in the steers body (Weeks, 2000). This indicated the oxpeckers were not so much centered around eating the ticks, yet progressively keen on the blood

“What Do Someone’s Eyes Indicate About His or Her Personality?

â€Å"What do somebody's eyes demonstrate about their character? † Personality comprises of a wide assortment of qualities and characteristics; along these lines I don't accept that a character can be resolved simply by taking a gander at someone’s eyes. Be that as it may, there is a part of non-verbal communication, which is a sign of your inward feelings†¦ Most everybody knows the way that character can likewise be educated. For instance, an individual who figures out how to be timid because of experience, customs, culture may display a descending look. A sure individual may display a straight-forward look and be increasingly consoled. Basically eye to eye connection could uncover an individual's character, states of mind, feelings, more distant responses. And so forth. A great many people look somehow or another, I've never had quite a bit of an issue with it nor utilized it to make decisions about individuals except if one is either so modest or maladaptive that they can't look at somebody without flinching or up close and personal and occupy their eyes away, upward or descending while at the same time talking which conveys an admonition signal about a character issue, and I'm not talking about social contrasts of indicating regard by keeping the eyes fairly brought down. The ones I talk about can't talk straightforwardly to you. In any case, have you at any point experienced those with lethargic eye or meandering eye where their eyes go in inverse ways and they can't resist? They are taking a gander at you however their eyes stray and it’s a handicap they can't help. A few people have a hostile stare, have you taken note? When they are attempting to trick you or pull something over on you? Shouldn't something be said about chuckling eyes? When there is such a great amount of delight inside an individual it just radiates from their eyes. Eyes are expressive. You can't botch tragic eyes and realize somebody is enduring yet attempting to put on a decent front. Shooting eyes are apprehensive eyes, dubious eyes, for what reason is this individual looking at everything? What's more, have you appear the look at without flinching of an individual who incidentally scatters and you realize they have left the scene is no more? These are a couple of things that I see when I investigate somebody eyes. I surmise the inquiry is left to the eye of the viewer. Would you be able to determine what somebody's eyes show about their character? Word Count385| |

New Step in the Admission Application - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

New Step in the Admission Application - UGA Undergraduate Admissions New Step in the Admission Application Sometime tomorrow, the Spring applications will be back up and running. In addition, I expect that on Monday, 8/16, the freshman application will be open and available to the public. While I have already mentioned a few changes to the freshman application (self-reported grades where you will need a copy of your transcript, the activities section moving to part I, etc), one small update will happen for everyone. The Admissions Office is teaming up with the technology group on campus to add a small step in the application called Contact ID. A students Contact ID will allow for more security in the admissions process, and is designed to allow a user to create their own password and security questions when applying and using the status check. While it is an additional first step in the application process, it will populate some information in a students application (name, address, etc.), and it will help in the overall process for admissions. An applicant will begin the creation of a Contact ID, and finish it after receipt of an email and completion of the rest of their contact information. You will then be able to complete an application and access the status check using the Contact ID login you created. For students who have already submitted a Spring application, we will be working with you to give you access to the status check through the Contact ID program. Please be patient with us as we do this, as we have to take it step by step. The Contact ID system will make for an easier, more accurate and more secure application process, which we think is a pretty good goal! Go Dawgs!

Medical Advancement As A Medical Doctor - 807 Words

The individual in humanity is fueled by a passion he or she delves upon. It may range from an array of academics to public concerns to a philosophical emphasis. Therefore, I consider medical advancement as my enthusiasm to my intellectual character. As a young boy, the biology and chemical milieu of our body has always captured my attention since I was familiar on how the body’s various organs were organized. As such, I consider my persona as positive, focally goal-oriented, and optimistic in my morals As a toddler, my fascination with cars was a bit extreme. Collecting as many model vehicles as I could and memorizing all of the respective names by heart, I felt I was going to be an automotive professional. In a leisurely pursuit, my passion and knowledge for the anatomy of automobiles parallels my aspiration and interest in studying the human body and ultimately realizing my ambition in becoming a medical doctor. For those who have not focused on what’s under the hood of a car, and are less fortunate in understanding all those mechanistic components, vehicles systems are analogous to the human body. Simply put, an engine’s cooling system is like the body’s circulatory system. When we have a fever, a sensor initiates our private thermostat, the hypothalamus, resulting in sweating and other ways of cooling. My fervor for automobiles derives from my close uncle, who unfortunately passed away in a vehicle accident with a traumatic head injury resulting in a hards hip at the endShow MoreRelatedOrgan Donation Essay806 Words   |  4 Pagesto fifty lives. Kidneys, hearts, lungs, livers, and other major organs have been applicable for organ transplants. Doctors performed the first procedure of this kind in the mid-1950s and since sustained many lives, earning the common name a â€Å"gift of life.† These surgeries have led to many innovative procedures that can solve problems that once seemed insoluble. Medical advancements, such as transplants, are ethical and necessary for promoting the well-being of society and saving lives. For manyRead MoreAdvancements Of Medicine : Medical Medicine1317 Words   |  6 PagesTechnological Advancements in Medicine In the past, doctors have used old ways of writing prescriptions and keeping health records. The days of the doctor writing a prescription on a pad in handwriting only they can read are over. Also, electronic health records make accessing records a breeze. The doctor’s experience now is much easier now with implementations of virtual prescription, electronic health records, and the ability to speak with a doctor from the comfort of your own home. In the futureRead MoreAdvancements in Med-Care since the Civil War Essay1461 Words   |  6 Pagesmodern medicine† (â€Å"Civil War Medicine Quotes†). 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How Is Britains Economy Affected By Foreign Investment Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1703 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Foreign Direct Investment is considered by many to be an important driver of growth within countries (OECD, 2002). This is thought to be due to advantages in exploiting competitive pressures in markets, stimulating technology transfers and increasing innovative activity. Such activity is sought to be encouraged and therefore there is widespread agreement that policy should aim at minimizing or eliminating obstruction to FDI. This study will examine the benefits that FDI has had on the Britains economy. It shall attempt to assess how policy has helped to attract FDI and assess the economic future of the UK. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Is Britains Economy Affected By Foreign Investment Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Research Objectives The general objective of the research is to identify the impact of foreign direct investment on the British economy. The specific objectives of the paper shall be: To evaluate the economic growth trend of the UK and the policies implemented on foreign direct investment. To evaluate the economic impact of foreign direct investment within the UK. To assess the economic future of the UK. Changes from Initial Research Proposal One of the original ideas of the report was to evaluate the effect that FDI has had on the UK in terms of changes to technology, management style, employment etc. However after the consideration of relevant material it appears that this area of FDI research is significantly large and will draw the report away from the economic impacts of FDI, therefore to ensure that the report is coherent and remains relevant to the title given I shall only briefly consider such impacts within the report and remain focused on the core economic effects that FDI brings to the UK. Draft Literature Review In the case of whether FDI benefits or detracts from a countrys economy, a vast body of literature is available. Studies such as Mac Dougall (1960), Kojima (1973), Hymer (1976), Azmat (1999), Andrea Marino (2000), Kishor (2000), Balasundram (2000), Chakrabarti, (1997, 2001) and Gordon (2001) have identified variables that affect the flow of FDI into countries as market size, quality of infrastructure, labour cost, economic openness, return on capital and political stability. Sung-Hoon Lim et al (1998), describe the spill over benefits that FDI may bring to a country, including inflows of foreign capital, increased employment, increased gross national product and transference of multinational corporations advanced skill and technology. These positive benefits may be the main goal of governments implementing policy to attract FDI. Studies looking at the determinants of FDI found that many factors can affect the attractiveness of a country for investors. Root and Ahmed (1979) found that political stability was a significant factor, changes in government leadership was a contributing element to this. In developed countries, Nigh (1985), explained that inter country political events effect investment attractiveness. Lucas (1993) shows how President Aquinos accession in the Philippines positively relates to inward FDI flows. Equally the perceived negativity of Sukarnos rule in Indonesia led to a negative effect in FDI. Kadi (1999) also discusses that the low percentage of FDI in the Middle East is due to factors including the political instability in that region, ascertained from a cross-section of data involving FDI and economic freedom. Helliener (1988) and UNCTAD-DTCI (1996) suggested that investment incentives created by governments have a limited influence in FDI decisions. A study by Scaperlanda and Mauer (1969) hypothesised that FDI inflow would respond positively once a recipient country had reached a market size threshold that allows economies of scale to be achieved at the utilisation on resources. Post studies have tested this theory with mixed results. Lipsey (1999) found that higher per capita income, which acts as a factor in determining market size, the greater the inflow of FDI; however Jaspersen et al (2000) found this to show a negative impact on FDI inflow. It is further possible to compare and contrast these determinants with mixed results, with the various studies complementing and contradicting each other in relation to the determinants. Nebende et al (2000) examined the cost related factors as a determinant of FDI and proposed that they play a dominant role. In examination of wage costs and human capital, Nebende explains that skilled labour requiring underpriced pay is a key factor in FDI attractiveness. However Kathryn et al (1995) e xplains that there is no significant statistical relationship between exchange rates and FDI, relative to domestic investment and overall level of investment. According to research findings by Stephen et al (1997), the gross domestic product, imports, exports, infrastructure, political risk, are significant influences on the decisions of multinational businesses to invest abroad. Dunning (1977, 1979, 1988 and 1993) presented the ownership, location, and internalisation theory. In analysing the fundamentals for FDI to occur, Dunning asserted that any business should have a firm specific advantage, namely ownership, a good established location in order to mobilise the specific firm know-how (location), and an incentive to internalise external transactions (internalisation). Narula et al (1998) described how the competitiveness of multinationals is becoming increasingly about how mobile and knowledge intensive they are. Narula went on to explain that these multinationals focus extra attention to the availability and quality of assets created in varying locations. There are four notable studies that have previously been completed in the specific area of FDI in the UK, HMSO (1983), Stopford and Dunning (1983), Stopford and Turner (1985) and Young, Hood and Hamil (1988). The first of these focuses primarily on investment by multinationals; the document focuses on foreign investment in areas deemed assisted areas where the government actively encouraged foreign investment. For this reason the document is not a source for total foreign investment in the UK but only a specific area. Stopford and Dunnings work is part of a study of multinationals and allows a comparison for inward investment in specific countries and the industry areas that this investment has been focused in. Stopford and Turner is primarily an analysis on the effects of multinationals on the UK economy however it provides some data on foreign investment into the UK. Finally Young, Hood and Hamil provide various data in the form of snapshots. The reviewed literature is largely confined to several factors which determine the attraction of FDI to a host country. These factors are broadly the cost related factors, investment environment, macro economic factors, political stability/risk factors, and development strategy factor of the host country. Methodology In regards to research for my topic I shall utilise secondary research, using previous studies to compare and contrast my own research with. Saunders (2003) describes how data collected should be carefully analysed to ensure that the data is appropriate for the way in which it is being used. Ascertaining all the appropriate data for the chosen topic area would be a task too great for an individual in the timescale given. Therefore the topic shall utilise secondary research data collected from appropriate and relevant sources, to ensure a larger and higher quality dataset. The study shall make use of the data provided through the UK National Statistics Authority on FDI into the UK and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). As UK National Statistics is a UK Authority the data used from this source should reflect a true and accurate representation of the FDI market; however the latest report created in 2010 only covers the period up to and including 2008. For this reason data from OECD shall be utilised when analysing the periods up to and including quarter 3 of 2010, where required. As an independent organisation the OECD works with countries globally to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world (OECD, 2011). This independent organisation has no bias towards individual countries and since data provided has been collected and published over a period of years in the same context, the data available for comparing and contrasting should be reliably and valid. These reports ar e prepared usingÂÂ  the most recent annual FDI statistics released by OECD countries and statistics for international mergers and acquisitions (MA) collected by Dealogic, which operates under a code of approved ethics. Previous studies found on FDI into the UK have thus far not covered the period known as the credit crunch. While these reports shall be useful to make comparisons against when comparing past and future, I shall be continuing my search for current studies, allowing me to make direct comparisons in a modern context. All procedures for data collection and analysis shall consider theoretical assumptions and fulfill criteria such as validity and reliability. A code of ethics ensuring that data and other research used is gained from credible sources ensuring that data was attained in an appropriate manner for this study to utilize, and not gained by violating any codes by which the information was held under. Evaluation of Work Undertaken The aspect of the topic chosen has remained the same since the beginning; however after further research into the subject area changes have been made. The reasons for these changes have been to improve the project and make it a more coherent and higher quality study. Several areas of the topic proved to be larger than anticipated and therefore to include these areas in detail would prove too time consuming and push the document over the word limit. For these reason I have scaled down the project slightly in order to benefit it. I have found whilst researching that although there is much information on how FDI affects countries, there are few studies that address the issue in the same context as the one I have proposed. Whilst this proves to benefit my study in terms of being a new piece of research, it does cause issues when trying to compare studies, practically studies carried out in the UK, as there are few. Literature Review Methodology Analysis Draft 75% Completed. Research has been conducted identifying key issues within the reporting area. The main ideas have been written up and will shortly be ready to be reviewed. Clearly defined. Identified the main threats to validity and generalisation of the project and implementation of strategies to overcome issues. 60% complete. Data sets located and analysed. Write up of this chapter to be completed shortly. First chapters 75% complete, including: literature review and methodology. Ready for review shortly. Future Timeline to Complete Project Week (Academic Weeks Only) 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Literature Research ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Process Data ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Analyse Data ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Hand in Progress Report ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Complete Chapters ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Draft Final Report ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Submit Draft ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Revise Draft ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Print and Bind Final Report ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Submit Final Report ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Â

Religion vs. Science Essays - 730 Words

Religion vs. Science The human mind is easily convinced on what the eyes tell the mind. If you see something in front of yourself, you might have an easier time believing, than if one was to tell a story. Religion is a story that has been told for thousands of years, and not till technology has ripened have scientists disproved many beliefs. It is now that mankind lets religion restrain the mind from portraying the truth about life. Some people claim that science does not have all of the answers when it comes to the business of life. They are right. Science is less a body of facts than it is is a method of establishing claims about the universe. Claims, which can be tested and measured, reviewed and evaluated.†¦show more content†¦population(n.y.times4/12/88), believes that these supernatural people exist, running errands for God, or helping people in time of need. This whole belief system is a throwback to earlier times in human history, when the world was enchanted, populated with mystic al and religious entities of all sorts (Greek Gods for example). Its existence today is a shadow land of beliefs, which co-exist with our more enlightened views about the universe. For most people, their view of the world rests with one foot in consciousness and the other ignorance. One of the more curious artifacts of supernatural belief is so-called Scientific Creationism. A quest to balance the minds interpretations of the Judeo-Christian Bible with the findings of modern science. Decades after the famous Monkey trial which debated the pros and cons of evolutionary discovery, we are still repeating this argument in the nations public schools. The evolution on-creation debate which now rages in the United States, and elsewhere is tied to other issues. This includes prayer in schools, and indeed the role of religious instruction in the classroom and other civic institutions. It is also a highly charged, emotional debate. Creationists see evolution as part of a larger agenda aim ed at religious belief itself. In a peculiar way, they may well be correct. But as with any debate, we should weigh the evidence and examine these raw facts asShow MoreRelatedReligion vs. Science859 Words   |  4 PagesBrianna Pace Mr. Jetter English 12P 18 October 2010 Religion Vs Science In many aspects of life, science and religion are shown to disagree with each other; Science focuses on logic and reason while religion relies solely on faith and the belief of a higher power. Both have advantages as well as disadvantages. Some advantages and disadvantages of religion are that you obtain eternal life, spiritual support and guidance, and be a better person through morals and values. 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Hepatitis C Essay Research Paper Hepatitis C free essay sample

Hepatitis C Essay, Research Paper Hepatitis C, a comparatively new disease that is non normally know about every bit much as disease like Hepatitis A or B. However, this disease is really serious. Hepatitis C is an infection of the liver. This study will put some facts straight about Hepatitis C and seek to give a better apprehension of the potentially deathly disease. As stated before, Hep C is an infection of the liver. More precisely it is a individual strand RNA virus that replicates in the liver, doing the liver to go badly septic. The natural history of Hep C is a enigma to many scientists. However, fact is that 50-70 % of patients infected with the disease will travel onto become chronic patients. Once chronic Hep C is achieved, self-generated remotion of the disease is really rare. Symptoms become more evident. The symptoms include: Tiredness, loss of appetency, terrible abdominal hurting, sickness, emesis, piss that is darker in colour than normal, and tegument and eyes that appear xanthous. We will write a custom essay sample on Hepatitis C Essay Research Paper Hepatitis C or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It can take anyplace from two hebdomads to six months for symptoms to demo up in a patient one time they have been exposed, and the disease is transmitted. However, in most instances # 8217 ; effects will demo up one and a half to two months afterwards. You might be inquiring by now, how you get this atrocious disease. It spreads largely by blood to blood contact, though some scientists argue that there is a little possibility of sexual transmittal is some instances. The virus can non be spread by making such things as agitating custodies, caressing, sharing nutrient or drink, or utilizing the same installations as an septic individual as long as no blood was shed by the septic party. It is really of import to take precautional steps if you are at a higher hazard for acquiring Hepatitis C. People that are at higher hazard are people who: received blood transfusions before 1992, and drug users who portion acerate leafs. Other people that are at a medium hazard degree include: Anyone who has had unprotected sex with a adult female or adult male who has Hep C, babes that are born to parents that are Hep C positive, and wellness attention workers who have any sort of contact with patients # 8217 ; blood. The following inquiry would be, is at that place any intervention for Hepatitis C. While there is no remedy for Hep C, you can make some things to assist yourself. These include increased sums of remainder and fluids. Some people may necessitate hospitalization or need particular medicines. Besides, you should confer with a physician to larn more about how intoxicant and some medicines could decline the status of your liver. The best thing you can make is take a few precautional stairss to forestall the disease. First off, pattern good hygiene. It is a good thought anyhow, but take excess cautiousness if you know you have exposure to person with the disease. Good hygiene includes peculiarly non sharing acerate leafs with other people and the usage of latex rubbers during sexual activity. As you can see Hepatitis C is a unsafe disease and really unpleasant to hold. The good intelligence is that it is one of the easier disease to forestall. Be careful to take precautional stairss and you two can avoid Hepatitis C. Even though this disease is non widely know about, it doesn # 8217 ; t mean that it is less harmful.

Challenge and Implementation Essay Example

Challenge and Implementation Essay Management Information System Implementation Challenges, Success Key Issues, Effects and Consequences : A Case Study of Fenix System Master’s Thesis within Military Logistics Author: Artit Kornkaew Tutor: Leif-Magnus Jensen Jonkoping May 2 01 2 INTENTIONALLY BLANK ii Acknowledgements First of all, I w ould like to thank my parents for moral support in everything. In addition, I w ant to take this opportunity to express Royal Thai Air Force for scholarship in this master program me. I would like to thank my tutor Professor Leif -Magnus Jensen for his su pport and guidance. I also want to thank Per Skoglund for his advice and interesting thoughts. In addition, I would like to express my appreciation and gratitude to all the respondents f rom the Royal Thai Air Force, Swedish Defe nce Material Administration, Swedish Air Force, and IT companies f or valuable information. Finally, I w ould like to express my immense thanks and gratitude to all people who contributed to make this thesis successful . May 2012, Jonkoping Artit Kornkaew iii Master Thesis within Military Logistics Title: M anagement Information System (MIS) Implementation C hallenges, Success Key Issues, Effects and Consequences: A C ase Study of Fenix System Author: Artit Kornkaew Tutor: Leif-Magnus Jensen Place and Date: Jonkoping, May 2012 Subject terms: M anagement Information System (MIS), Information System (IS), Implementation Challenges, Success Factors, Organisational Impacts, Effects and Consequences Abstract During the growth of a competitive global enviroment, there is considerable pressure on most organisa tions to make their operational, tactical, and strategic process more efficient and effective. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenge and Implementation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Challenge and Implementation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Challenge and Implementation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer An information system (IS) is a group of components which can increase the competitiveness and gain better information for decision making. Consequently, many organisa tions decide to implement IS in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the ir organisa tions. However, a lack of a wareness of numerous and varied challenging issues surrounding the implemenation process could be problematic for the whole process. Furthermore, the problem of a lack of k ey success issues seems to be a serious obstacle for the management information system ( MIS) implementation process. Additionally, MIS implementation has effects on an organisa tion and these effects are relate d to the consequences of the business processes . Consequently, this issue is critical and cru cial for an organisa tion to consider when they implement a new MIS. The main purpose of this thesis is to present the MIS implementation challenges or problems together with identifying the k ey issues to successfully a chieve implementation. Such challenges and success factors are conducted based on a research framework. In a ddition, this research a ccesses descriptions of implementation effects and consequences which impact the organisa tion and its processes. This thesis has been conducted by studying the theory divided into three parts including: general background litera ture of information systems, implementation aspects, and organisa tional impacts literature . The methods that were used to successfullly accomplish this study were a case study of Fenix System, collecting data by personal interviews with respondents who were involved in Fenix a long with internal document s. The a nalysis of the research framework and empirical findings ha s contributed to a description of the main challenges and key success issues regarding MIS implementation, together with an identification of important effects and consequences when implementing MIS. This thesis’s main results show that MIS implementation is surrounded with challenges which mainly concern management, adminsitration, and people issues involved in MIS implementation pro cess. Additionally, it was concluded that the key issues which the MIS implementation project should be presented with primarily focused on the project team and their te a m work. The last main finding is concentrated on effects and consequences and i t found out that MIS implementation mainly affects business process which le a d to change, for instance jobs, routines, a nd so forth. iv Table of Contents 1 Introduction . 1 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 Background . . .. .. 1 Problem . . .. .. Research Questions . . .. . 3 Purpose . . .. .. 3 Delimitation.. .. .. 3 Definations . . .. .. . 4 Disposition of the Thesis . . .. .. 4 2 Frame of Reference .. 6 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 3. 1 2. 3. 2 2. 3. 3 2. 4 2. 4. 1 2. 4. 2 2. 5 M anagement Information System (MIS) . . 6 Information System (IS) and Information Technology (IT) . . 8 M IS Implementation A spects . . .. 11 M IS Implementation Process.. .. . 11 M IS Implementation Challenges . . .. 14 K ey Issues for M IS Implementation Success . . 16 Organisational Impacts of an Implementation . . 18 Impact of Information System .. .. .. 18 Implementation Effects and Consequences . . . 19 Summary of the Research F ramework . . .. 22 3 Methodology . 3 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 6. 1 3. 6. 2 Research Approach and Design.. . 23 Choice of M ethod . . .. .. 23 Case Study .. .. .. 25 Data Collection Process . . .. . 26 Data Analysis. . .. . 9 The Trustworthiness of the R esearch . . 29 Validity.. .. .. 29 Reliability . . .. .. .. 30 4 Empirical Finding .. 31 4. 1 4. 1. 1 4. 1. 2 4. 1. 3 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 4. 1 The Case of Fenix System.. .. . 31 Involved Organisations of Fenix System . . 31 F enix System Background . . .. .. 32 F enix (E) system i mplementation process . . 34 F enix (E) System Implementation Challenges .. . 37 F enix (E) System Implementation Success Key Issues .. 39 Organisational Impacts.. .. 40 Effects and Consequences of Fenix System Implementation . .. 40 5 Analysis. 43 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 4. 1 5. 5 Introduction . . .. .. 43 M IS Implementation Challenges.. . 43 M IS Implementation Success K ey Issues.. 46 Organisational Impacts . .. 47 Effects and Consequences on the Organisation and its Processes . .. 47 Summary . . .. .. . 48 v 6 Conclusions .. 50 7 Discussion .. 51 8 References.. 3 9 Appendices 59 9. 1 9. 2 Appendix 1 – Definitions . . .. 59 Appendix 2 – Interview Guide.. .. . 60 List of Figures Figure 2. 1 Frame of Reference Description. 6 Figure 2. 2 Five Components of an Information System (IS) .. Figure 2. 3 Software Sources and Types . 9 Figure 2. 4 Information System Development Cycles 12 Figure 2. 5 Dimensions of Impact. 19 Figure 2. 6 The Research Framework 2 Figure 4. 1 EmpirIcal Finding Structure 31 Figure 4. 2 Gripen 39 C/D Fighter Aircraft and SAAB 340 AEW 32 Figure 4. 3 Overview of Fenix System 33 Figure 4. 4 Fenix (E) Applications Architecture Overview. 35 Figure 4. Test and Trials Period and â€Å"Go-Live † for Fenix (E) 37 Figure 4. 6 Fenix Project Organisation and Responsibilities 40 Figure 5. 1 Modified Research Framework Model.. 49 List of Tables Table 2. 1 Categorisation of Information Sy stem (IS) Implementation Challenge Issues 5 Table 2. 2 Summary of Key Issues for Implementation Success 17 Table 2. 3 Summary of Implementation Effects and Consequences on an Organisation and its Processes 21 Table 3. 1 Distinctions Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research .. 24 Table 3. 2 Details of the Interviews .. 8 vi Introduction 1. Introduction 1. 1 Background During the growth of a competitive global enviroment, there is considerable pressure on most organisa tions to make their operational, tactical, and strategic processes more efficient and effective . An information system (IS) is a group of components which can increase competitiveness and gain better information for decision making. Therefore various organisa tions have chosen to apply thi s group of components to their a ssociations (Spalding, 1998). Consequently, the organisa tions decide to implement IS in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the organisa tions. Information systems ha ve become a major function area of business administration. The systems, nowada ys, plays a vital role in the e -business and e -commerce operations, enterprise collaboration and management, and s trategic success of the business ( Hevner et al . , 2 004). According to Ein-Dor a nd Segev (1978), an IS becomes a management information system (MIS) when it is applied to improve ma na gement by directors of the organisa tion. This system can increase the performance of the management. MIS is a collection of manpowers, tools, procedures and software to perform various business tasks at various levels in the organisa tion (Tripathi, 2011 ). This system has three basic levels: operational, middle management and top management where the information is passed from bottom to top (Tripathi, 2011). Moreover, MIS is one of the important functions of management which plays an important role in providing information that is required for crucial decision making which directly a ffects the performance of the organisa tion (Murthy, 2006). Due to a fundamentally changing external environment, several organisa tions have decided to change their IS strategies by adopting application software packages rather than in-house development (Hong Kim, 2002). According to Davenport (1998), the most significant development in the corporate use of IS is the establishment of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. ERP systems a re an information technology ( IT) infrastructure that facilitate the flow of information between all supply chain processes in a n organisa tion (Al-Mashari Zairi, 2000). ERP systems, moreover, provide the means for management to respond to increased business needs in more effective and efficien t ways (Spathis Constantinides, 2003). Nonetheless, a concern regarding E RP systems regards their flexibility and ability to meet specific organ isa tion and industry requirements. As a result, some organisa tions still integrate their systems using conventional best of breed (BoB) or stand a lone system components of standard package a nd/or custom software without ERP systems (Davenport, 2000). In addition, some organisa tions have developed their own customised suite s of nterprise applications, known as a best of breed (BoB) IT strategy, which offers greater flexibility and clos er a lignment of software with the business process of the organ isa tion (Light, Holland Wills, 2001). Therefore a doption and utilisa tion of ERP and BoB systems should be considered as an important factor which should be suitable for the organisa tions and the current busines s processes. In private organisa tions, IS a re important factors in assuring the competitive advantage a nd eventual profitability of the firm. On the other hand, in governmental organisa tions IS a re just as crucial, but from a nother perspective, in terms of responsivesness, 1 Introduction efficiency, and productivity (Beaumaster, 1999). In defense organ isa tions they also share the same objectives as many private -sector corporations: for instance they are striving to decrease costs by redesigning and integrating processes. Hence defense organisa tions require IS with the integrated system and technology platform both within and across the organisa tion in order to achi eve greater visibility and affordable operational readiness. For example, the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) formalised a n E RP project due to many old and bespoke systems, lack of integration, and high complexity of current IT systems. Moreover, efficiency a nd effectiveness can be increased in IS for maintenance of a ircraft; SAF has implemented a n a viation â€Å"best of breed† solutions information system called the Fenix System. In addition, t his system has been implemented in the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) since 2010 . This research will focus on the implementation of MIS and provides a case study of the Fenix System which is a management information system for the maintenance of a ircrafts. . 2 Problem Many companies have been implementing IS in their respective organisa tions a nd reorganising their business process es (Rajagopal, 2002) . Computer-based IS mainly depend on IT; consequently, succe ssful IS can be measured by the effectiveness of IT to support a n organisa tion’s strategies (O’Brien, 2004). The deman d for efficient and effective use of IT is also gradually increas ing a t the present time (Beaumaster, 2002). An organisa tion that adopted an IT system to provide special attention to planning, a cquisition, and implementation of these technologies . Those associates must be aware of the various number of issues which a re a part of the ability of the organisa tion to achieve effective IT implement ation (Beaumaster, 2002). It is important to not e that more than 70 per cent of standard package (i. e. E RP system) implementa tion projects fail (Milis Mercken, 2002 ). Therefore, IS implementation is surrounded with various problems regarding the implementation process a nd it is not easy to succe ed. There are several problems which occur during the implementation of IS. These problems can be observed in a series corresponding to each stage of the overall process. It appears that every layer is comprised of multiple issues that create or worsen the challenges (Beaumaster, 2002). MIS or IS ha ve to provide a n a pproach to deal with the ever-changing problems and be situated surrounding all aspects of the management of information (Theiruf, 1994). Moreover, the succe ss of IS implementation in the organisa tion also depends on a multitude of important and interrelated factors (Beaumaster, 2002). Hence it is a of great significance to take into account this and observe the obstacles when implementing an new information system. In order to ensure success of MIS implementation, therefore, the k ey success factors should be determined a nd indicated on which issues will a llow a project to be successful (Gargeya Bardy, 2005). As mentioned earlier, adopting IS is one factor which increase s the effectiveness and efficiency in a n organisa tion. However, implementing IS a ffects the organisa tion to a great degree and can be seen as a major change for a n organisa tions’ processes; for instance, it requires employees to change (Chan, 2000 ; Davies, 2009 ). Many companies have found that implementing such change s is the most difficult part of IS implementation ( Kroenke, 200 7 ). In addition, IS can effect individuals, groups, a nd a whole organisa tion when IS was introduced into that organisa tion. This system can create both a positive and negative impact on these level s (Davies, 2009). The negative effect of IS occurs when the system fails. This failure can be ana lysed on the technical, 2 Introduction project, organisa tional and environmental level. Thus a good strategy is significantly concerned with a voiding the failure of the system and achiev ing a successful system (Davies, 2009). Problem statement Considering the a forementioned context, it is important to notice that a lack of a wareness of numerous and varied challenging issues surrounding the implemenation process could cause problems for the whole process of MIS development and deployment. Furthermore, the problem of a lack of k ey success issues seems to be a serious obstacle for the MIS implementation process. It is essential to define the success factors amd manage them in order to carry out a successful the implementation. Additionally , MIS implementation effects a n organisa tion and these effects are relate d to the consequences of the business processes. Consequently, this issue is critical and cru cial for an organisa tion to consider when implementing a new MIS in the organisa tion. The problem addressed in this study focus the challenges and k ey success issues regarding IS implementation. Additionally, the problem a ddressed in this study refers to effects and consequences on a n organisa tion and its business process. 1. 3 Research Questions In order to achieve the purpose of the study, the following research questions were identified: ? ? What problems/challenges have been faced in MIS implementation processes? What are the key issues that need to be identified in order to achieve a successful ? MIS implementation? What are the effects and consequences for an organisa tion and its processes when implementing MIS? 1. 4 Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to present and describe MIS implementation challenges or problems a s well as identifying the k ey issues to achieve successful implementation. Moreover, this research seeks to explain the implementation effects and consequences which impact the organisa tion a nd its processes. 1. 5 Delimitations This report will not consider modification of already -existing MIS, only new MIS implementation. Information system implementation in this study concentrate s on purchasing standard package software, not developing in-house software. In a ddition, in the case study of the Fenix System, the research will not take into account the full version of the Fenix System, but will mainly focus on the system which was implemented by the Royal Thai Air Force ( RTAF), called Fenix E xport version or Fenix (E) . The limitation of the Fenix (E) is a n information system which is used for operation monitoring only for aircraft maintenance in the RTAF, a nd is not be used a nd integrated with other actors in the supply chain. Consequently , the supply chain perspective will not be considered in this research. 3 Introduction 1. 6 Definition This research uses some technical terms and concepts which could be hard to understand. Therefore a list of definitions is created in order enable the reader to have an understanding of these issues. In this section the main definitions that are significant for the purpose of this thesis will be explained. The rest of t hem will be clarified and explained in Appendix 1. Management Information System ( MIS): MIS refers to an information system that makes timely and effective decisions for planning, directing a nd controlling the activities for which they are resposible and also helps businesses achieve their goals and objective s. In this study, MIS will be used as a similar definition to Information System (IS). MIS Implementation: That is a part of the information system development process devoted to delivering the information system into its context of use. In this study, it is titled â€Å"IS implementation process† and is a lso mentioned a s one of the steps of implementation process. In orde r to clarify this confusion, therefore, the process sometimes will be la belled as â€Å"IS Development and Deployment Process†. Effects and Consequences: A consequence is based on an effect and affects the way of working. In this study I would like to see what consequences have been generated due to the effects of implementation of MIS a nd how these impacts have affected the business processes a nd organisa tion. Key Issues for MIS implementation Success: The k ey success issues in this study can be called â€Å"success factors† which refer to factors that have to be achieve d in order to carry out a successful implementation of MIS. These are key area s where successful performance will assure the success of the organ isa tion and the a ttainment of its goals that top management should take into account . 1. 7 Disposition of the Thesis In order to provide the reader with a n overview of the thesis, the research structure and details below are summarised and present ed in the following way: Chapter 1 – Introduction: The background to the thesis is present in this chapter. This provides the reader with a basic understanding of the subject and issues. In addition, the research problems are defined in the field of management information system implementation. Also, the purpose of the thesis is described together with delimitations. Since this thesis uses some technical terms, some of primary definitions are defined in order to a llow the reader to understand the purpose of the thesis. Chapter 2 – The Frame of Reference: The frame of reference presents some understanding of the relevant implementing of MIS. In this chapter, management information systems (MIS) will be described as well as information systems (IS) and information technology (IT). One of the most important information systems for enterprise in the last two decades, such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) and the best of breed (BoB) solution , a re described in order to gain more 4 Introduction understanding in technolgy relate d to information systems. In addition, the framework of MIS implementation with problematic issues together with k ey succes factors a re explained. Additionally, organisa tional impacts by MIS implementation focused on effects and consequences on an organisa tion and its processes will be presented. Chapter 3 – Method: This chapter will use methodology combining a theoretical and empirical approach. This research uses a qualitative method a nd uses a case study as research in order to achieve the research’s purpose. Chapter 4 – Empirical Findings: The chapter will present findings of the empirical research including the case study of the Fenix System. In-depth interviews in diffferent perspectives from the respondents involved in implementat ion process of Fenix (E) in Wing 7 , RTAF will be carried out . Chapter 5 – A nalysis: The intention in this chapter is to the give the readers my explanation of the findings related to my research questions. Moreover, theory and empirical data are combined to interpret a nd ana lyse the findings. Chapter 6 – Conclusions: This chapter will provide the readers with the main findings in problems and effects and consequences of implementing MIS togethe r with identifying k ey success issues. In a ddition, the major effects and consequences of implementing MIS will be described. Chapter 7 – D iscussion: The final chapter includes some discussion on some general aspects regarding the findings or lesson learned obtained from this study. Additionally, the trendency of the Fenix System will be discussed in this chapter. Frame of Reference 2. Frame of Reference In this chapter the reader will be more a ble to understand the subject and identify the suitable theoretical areas for creating an understanding which are connected to the purpose of the thesis. This review will ground the study of management information system (MIS) implementation issues in the field of information systems ( IS). In essence, the review relate s to MIS implementation a nd consists of three main sections which a re focused in the research and writing that provide the main idea of this study. 2 . 3 MIS Implementation Aspects Implementation Process Challenges Success Factors 2 . 4 Organisational i mpacts by MIS i mplementation Effects and Consequences Summary Summary 2. 2 IS a nd IT ERP BoB Part III 2. 1 MIS Part II Part I This review begins with a pre sentation of a general background of literature which a ims to give the reader an understanding of the subject. This part relates to MIS which focuses on management of information systems. Moreover, the discussion of E RP and â€Å"best of breed† solutions, two existing a pproaches to information systems for enterprise software systems will be described. In addition, this section includes a discussion of information systems (IS) related to information technology (IT) . The second part of this chapter provides literature a ssociated with MIS implementaion processes a nd its surrounding challenges a long with its success factors . The third part of this section discusses organisa tional impacts on business/organisa tion processes including effects a nd consequences when MIS has been implemented. Finally, the summary of the research framework is illustratated as the model which will be used as a guide for analysis (see Figure 2 . 1 ) The research Framework Figure 2. Frame of Reference Description (source: constructed by the author, 2012) Part 1 General Background Literature 2. 1 Management Information Systems (MIS) The literature a bout management information systems (MIS) has been developed since the 1960s. An evolution of MIS can be divided into three periods: data processing, management information systems, and strategic information systems (Somogyi Galliers, 1987 ). The first era , â€Å"data processing†, is mainly focused on improving the efficiency of business through automation of basic information process es with not too much control over planning or resources. he second era, â€Å"management information systems†, was concerned about the enhancement of managerial effectiveness by satisfying widespread information requirements. Managers of each organisa tion came to realise the capability of information technology resources and started to acquire their own systems to meet the requirements. The third era, â€Å"strategic information systems †, focused on improving organisa tional competitiveness advantages by affecting the overall organisa tional business strategies. This period is n a pproach to use strategic management in MIS such as various and diverse information technologies, widespread 6 Frame of Reference user involvement, and significant planning and implementation strategies (B eaumaster, 1 999). A variety of the definitions of MIS have been indicated, for example Ives, Hamilton a nd Davis (1980 : p. 910 ) defined MIS as a â€Å"computer-based organisa tional information system which provides information support for management activities and functions† which is similar to E in-Dor a nd Segev (1978 : p. 065) who described it thus: â€Å"MIS is a system for collecting, sorting, retrieving and processing information which is used, or desired, by one of more manager, in the performance of their duties† . Furthermore, Davies (2009) claimed that MIS is one types of information system that support s the tactical dec ision-making of managers, and also monitors the current state of the organisa tion. Moreover, Kroenke (2007 : p. 5 ) mentioned that MIS has three key elements including: development and use, information system s, and business goals and objectives. MIS can be named a s a n organisa tional information system, a computerbased information system, or a n information system (IS ; Ives et al. , 1980). Various characteristics of MIS are considered a s important factors for the efficiency of MIS which is to report with fixed and standard information; to have report s developed a nd implemented using information system personnel, including systems analysts and computer programmers; to require formal request s from user; a nd to produce scheduled a nd demanded reports. In addition, external data a re used by the MIS while it is not captured by the organisa tion (Asemi, Safari Zavareh, 2011) . Furthermore

Free Essays on Restaurant Diversity

Section I: The goal of this paper is to analyze marketing strategies and to apply these strategies with my company. Also I will compare these strategies to other companies in the same field. My interest is to enter the field of entrepreneurship. The plan is to open a restaurant in the downtown area of Chicago, Illinois. But I do not to plan to open an ordinary restaurant, my goal is to open to a new market in which I will create a Multi-ethnic restaurant. My intention in opening a multi-ethnic restaurant is to serve different types of platters from different ethnicities (mainly Latino). The menu will include among different ethnicities like Mexican, Puerto Rican, Brazilian, Cuban and some American. I know that in this field of restaurant entrepreneurship there is much competition, and the purpose of this restaurant besides it’s uniqueness is to give the customers the choice and alternative on what I believe is a great Latino cuisine. Basically my mission and objective is to create a di versity environment in which the customer will enjoy great variety of platters along with the charismatic service and friendly hospitality. I want for the customer to have a feel of the Latino rhythm and lifestyle once they enter the premises. I want the customer to enjoy from the different platters served at the restaurant, and leave with a satisfaction of the food along with the amiability service. Section II: The plan is to open the restaurant in downtown Chicago Illinois. The root will first start with searching the property in order to buy it or rent it to run the business. Next I will have to get all the required licensing by the city, and state in order to run the business. Once that is settled, then comes the design of the actual restaurant. My vision is for the customer to enter the premises and to have a feel of Latino atmosphere, and one way is to have different sections of the ethnicities. Each section will have the an ethnicity’s... Free Essays on Restaurant Diversity Free Essays on Restaurant Diversity Section I: The goal of this paper is to analyze marketing strategies and to apply these strategies with my company. Also I will compare these strategies to other companies in the same field. My interest is to enter the field of entrepreneurship. The plan is to open a restaurant in the downtown area of Chicago, Illinois. But I do not to plan to open an ordinary restaurant, my goal is to open to a new market in which I will create a Multi-ethnic restaurant. My intention in opening a multi-ethnic restaurant is to serve different types of platters from different ethnicities (mainly Latino). The menu will include among different ethnicities like Mexican, Puerto Rican, Brazilian, Cuban and some American. I know that in this field of restaurant entrepreneurship there is much competition, and the purpose of this restaurant besides it’s uniqueness is to give the customers the choice and alternative on what I believe is a great Latino cuisine. Basically my mission and objective is to create a di versity environment in which the customer will enjoy great variety of platters along with the charismatic service and friendly hospitality. I want for the customer to have a feel of the Latino rhythm and lifestyle once they enter the premises. I want the customer to enjoy from the different platters served at the restaurant, and leave with a satisfaction of the food along with the amiability service. Section II: The plan is to open the restaurant in downtown Chicago Illinois. The root will first start with searching the property in order to buy it or rent it to run the business. Next I will have to get all the required licensing by the city, and state in order to run the business. Once that is settled, then comes the design of the actual restaurant. My vision is for the customer to enter the premises and to have a feel of Latino atmosphere, and one way is to have different sections of the ethnicities. Each section will have the an ethnicity’s...

Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Plagiarism - Essay Example Plagiarism usually applies to specific texts that are print published, texts that are online, manuscripts, not forgetting the work of other writers. Thus, if plagiarism is present, either intentional or unintentional, it results to low or poor quality of the paper submitted either by a student or the author irrespective of their rank (Ali et al, 2011). Most students are aware of the consequences arising from actions that constitute plagiarism. For instance, if student copies information that is published into a newspaper and it does not attribute the source for the main purpose of claiming the information is his own, or even the act of turning another student’s constitute plagiarism. Moreover, plagiarism has a negative externalities on students in the form of low grades for students who plagiarize thereby diminishing the education credentials or grade for a student (Dee and Jacob, 2012). Plagiarism may lead to an institution or an individual being sued by the author who owns t he ideas plagiarized for breach of intellectual property law. In addition, university authorities should do well not to desist in attempting to dissuade students from plagiarism (Selwyn, 2008); moreover, good college experience for students lies in the synthesizing of the ideas gained in class and reproducing them in their own unique way while avoiding plagiarism. Quoting is one of the strategies used in avoiding plagiarism when referring to wordings that are factual or a statement that are hard to change without altering the intended meaning. When using this strategy it is advisable to write the authors’ exact words using quotation marks, and when quoting longer quotes it is advisable to put as in an indented paragraph and the source included either within the text of paper or on the footnote. An example of a quotation would be: â€Å"Adam Winkler who studies constitutional-law at the U.C.L.A was able to broadly demonstrate in his book Gunfight how fire arm possession has b een regulated in the United States of America† (Jill, 2012). In case of quoting longer sections the writer should use a block quote such as: Adam Winkler who studies constitutional-law at the U.C.L.A was able to broadly demonstrate in his book Gunfight how firearm possession has been regulated in the United States of America. Regulation of firearms has been done in Kentucky and Louisiana through having concealed weapons being passed in these cities. The rules were later implemented in the cities of Indiana in 1820, Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama and Ohio by end of 1859. The law was gradually adopted eventually spread to Texas Oklahoma and Florida. The governor of Texas explained that concealing a dangerous weapon is murdering an individual and therefore it is the duty of every one to respect a man who obeys the law (Jill, 2012). Paraphrasing is another strategy used in avoiding plagiarism which involves the putting someone else ideas in your own words at the same time ensuring t he words are not rearranged or replaced with few words. In addition, it entails reading, internalizing the ideas presented and then writing them in one’s own words, and eventually citing the source from which the text was read from since the idea was got from that specific source. It is important to note that when a student does not have sufficient time to conduct research essential to effectively complete their research paper they can cite that of another person who did the research, but acknowledge them by

The Ottoman Architecture and The Effect of the Turkish and Persian Essay

The Ottoman Architecture and The Effect of the Turkish and Persian Cultures on it - Essay Example (Meeker, 2002) There was a time when the residences of officials, the military posts, the primary and secondary schools and education centres, and the public health and social services agencies were all located here. Turkish nation's cultural and historical links to its Ottoman past is not new, however the absence of a native Turkish (and Ottoman) historical school of thought opened the way for the easy penetration of Persian ideas and interpretations concerning even the most basic aspects of Ottoman and Turkish history, society and culture. As a result, wholesale acceptance of Persia and Iranian ideas began in the late Ottoman state and accelerated in the Republic. (Goffman, 2002) Nevertheless, scholars long regarded the Ottoman civilization and its predecessor as derived solely from Islam either in Arabic or Persian garb, even though the Ottoman Islam always possessed distinctive regional and ethno-cultural characteristics. Islam was the Turks' most durable link to their Central Asian origins and to the Arab-Persian world, but the unique Turk-European characteristics of the form of Islam that developed in Rumeli and Anatolia were from the very start the real "national" feature of the Ottoman state. (Kerpat, 2002) The Ottoman era along with the Seljuk period began forming an original and interrelated era of historical, cultural, artistic and political civilization. The Ottoman was embedded with all the features that a civilization upholds, all the distinct intellectual, philosophical, ethical, artistic and political characteristics, specific organisation modes and its own material culture (architecture, food, dress, etc.) with particular tastes, values and outlooks. No doubt the Ottomans did not acquire sufficient consciousness of their distinct civilizational characteristics, which are required to analyse and write about. Might be they were not aware of their valuable rituals and intellectuals or these characteristics were not important for them. Some writers have written down like this that they were so much indulged in their religious values that they ignored such characteristics. The truth behind this perception is skeptical but that does not mean that they lacked such characteristics of a civilization. Their main inspiration was to follow the art and architecture of Turkey and Persia, as they were used to it. Fig 2 The question to be debated is why the Ottomans did not seem to be aware of their own artistic, literary, and architectural achievements, many of which surpassed their Arabic, Persian and Byzantine models. According to the 'Orhun' inscriptions, the early Turks had shown some interest in their ethnic identity and "national" solidarity and in writings such as the Divan- Lgat-it-Trk of Mahmud Kasgari, which described the Turks as a distinct linguistic and cultural entity, so the standard answer is that the Ottomans immersed themselves so much in Islam as to forget their ethnic identity. (Goffman, 2002) But this explanation cannot be accepted at face value. Rather, the Ottoman government purposefully ignored the Turkish features of society and stated and emphasized their Islamic characteristics in the second half of the fifteenth century in order to consolidate the Balkan conquests and integrate the newly converted Bosnians, Albanians et al. into the

Leadership is a critical management skill in various organizations

Leadership is a critical management skill in various organizations Introduction Leadership is as a critical management skill in various organizations, which influences and motivates a group toward the achievement of organizational goals (Rafferty Griffin 2004). One of the greatest assets of an organization is that strong managers create an environment to encourage members and motivate their high energy (Taggart, 1989). It is highlighted that leadership is an influence relationship between leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes. Effective leadership has drawn great attention from organization management in recent years due to its contribution to organizations competitive advantage. Leadership is become very much on every managers mind today in organizations. Originations are struggling due to the increasingly dynamic environment. As the challenges of leading and managing increase, leaders of organizations need to understand process, skills and knowledge to perform leader functions effectively. The most important reason for the position of a leader is to create a group of people to deliver desirable sales as unprofitable sales is a leaders biggest nightmare. Numeral reasons that can lead to undesirable sales include competitive market conditions, poor cooperation, strategies and decisions from the team or that the product is too expensive or not unique enough compared to other rival products (Robbins, 2005). Although certain circumstances are beyond control such as poor market conditions or a weak team, others are possible to have control over such as product exclusivity or special features and this is where the job of a capable leader comes in. Capable leaders are constantly pressured in searching for solutions that produce more results but equipped with depleting resources such as team members and budgets. However, it does not require much, only a new perspective to fully utilize each and every member of the team without overworking them or the budget. Open-minded leaders always have the upper hand as new methods and solutions can be created to increase sales. Some of the issues that arise are as follows: Getting fresh clients Boosting profits on advertising Inability to regularly reach expected sales revenue Shorten long tedious sale cycles Maintaining the effort input of the sales team Growing expenses to support a productive and efficient team Reduced margins due to increasing demands to discount Sustaining and expanding diminishing major accounts Rising inability to accurately predict sales revenue Inexperience and lack of knowledge of the products involved Recruiting and sustaining effective employees Constant decrease of market share Rising customer demands and decreasing consumer satisfaction Growing amount and aggressive rivals and reduced sales compared to them Dealing with salesperson who have no proper strategies in securing sales and poor time management Rationalization of the worlds economy Getting rid of the repeated occurrence of reduced margins due to desperate attempts of making sales towards the end of a sales quarter Rising amount of sales attempts that go unfinished Getting the exact requirements and needs from customers when purchasing products is progressively difficult Completing the whole process of buying and securing sales as fast as possible is increasingly difficult Having to constantly help and motivate team members that have little enthusiasm, drive and attention Salesperson that are investing too much time and effort into devising proposal for possible customers that have no genuine interest in purchasing from them Constant feedback from customers that claims our rivals are able to perform faster and cheaper it is harder to make sales against that as it is true Lack of the surest method in selling products to drive towards higher sales No ideas or strategies to get sales back on course Usual routine of inefficient, expensive and uneconomical sales methods such as weak direct marketing and expensive advertising or product improvement In this assignment we will be discussing about 2 leaders from different backgrounds respectively. The first leader is Indra Nooyi which is the CEO of Pepsi. The second leader is Philip Green which is the CEO of Arcadia Group. The similarities and differences of both the leaders will be discussed further below. Indra Nooyi Before examining three aspects of Indra Nooyis leadership, let us first review her background to get some idea of the person and leader she is. Born and educated in India, she moved to America to study for her Masters degree at Yale. Upon graduation, she got a job at the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) and she credits much of her subsequent success on her experiences there. From there, she worked in other companies before joining PepsiCo in 1994. Her track record there was impressive as she was instrumental in making moves that led to long term profitability for the company such as moving away from fast food affiliations to acquiring beverage companies like Tropicana and Gatorade (Businessweek, 2008). Consequently, she was made CEO of the company in 2006, a record of sorts as she was the first woman and the first Asian to hold the powerful post. Since then, she has steered the company well with her leadership philosophy of performance with purpose. In a speech at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2006, Indra cited the five Cs of her success. They are competency, courage and confidence, consistency, compass and coaching. In this report, we will examine how they are incorporated into three aspects of her leadership in terms of leadership style, coaching and mentoring and motivating employees. Indras leadership style can best be described as transformative (Seltzer and Bass, 1990). She is not content to maintain the status quo but redefines the concept of CEO. The traditional role of the CEO was akin to a autocratic monarch, in which power was wielded in punitive and tyrannical ways. Indra feels that that is outmoded and unsuitable for the 21st century (CNBC Business, 2008). The CEO must lead people, not rule over them. The leader must constantly keep abreast with changes in technology and new developments so that they can harness them to achieve competitive advantage. The workplace is getting increasingly diverse as more women and minorities constitute the average multinational corporation. Demographic changes at the workplace require a change in management style and Indra is aware of this. For example, the new generation is more technologically savvy and is less tied to the concept of lifetime employment at one company (Useem, 2008). Understanding this groups mindset is crucial in ensuring that the best and brightest are recruited and retained. Similarly, the organization cannot operate along mono-ethnic and mono-gender lines as there is increasing diversity. Diversity should not be viewed as a problem but as an asset to the company since the company can get the cream of the crop and an employee composition that is representative of the entire population. No longer can the CEO afford to direct from his or her office, but must go out and mingle with the masses. This does not only mean fostering better ties with employees but engaging with other stakeholders as well, As Indra points out, a CEO now not only has to deal with corporate stakeholders but with governments and NGOs too. Consequently, the CEO must travel a lot, especially for a multinational corporation like Pepsi. That way, they can meet their various customers and business partners to formulate new and better corporate level strategies. As a leader, Indra is friendly and approachable. She is energetic and has a fondness of singing (Useem, 2008). Yet, she is no pushover as she is very much in control of her company. In terms of Indras leadership style, we may use one of the behavioral theories, in which we can pinpoint behaviours that set apart good and poor leaders. Her leadership style can be described as democratic, if we use one of the University of Iowa Studies (Robbins and Coulter, 2005). Indra gets her employees involved in the decision making process and delegates authority. She listens to all opinions, even from those who may disagree with her. Also, she encourages employee feedback which is used as a coaching technique. From the University of Michigan Studies viewpoint, Indra is an example of a leader who shows consideration. She has genuine respect and mutual trust for her subordinates. Another interesting aspect of her leadership style can best be described as reconciliatory leadership (Bass, 1985). When there was an opening for CEO, Indra and another executive were in the running. However, when Indra was selected, she immediately sought to retain her erstwhile rival because she felt the other person would be good for the company. Many CEOs assemble a team of yes men and eliminate all threats and rivals but Indra thrives on building a team of rivals because she feels dissent and other opinions are crucial in building a thriving organization. Indra places great importance on coaching and mentoring programs. These are part of the broader spectrum of creating a learning organization. Training programs are formulated to nurture future leadership talent for the company and the company has a unique approach by seeking input from outside. Lifelong and practical learning are emphasized as well. Pepsi tries to help each employee discover their strengths and weaknesses so that they can build upon their strengths and reduce their weaknesses to make a more meaningful contribution. Employees and executives are taught to think for the long term and not focus too narrowly on short term gains. This approach has worked well for Indra as it allows her to spot trends and changes before competitors. Indras attitude towards coaching and mentoring can be described using the path goal theory. This states that a leaders job is to help followers in achieving their goals and to guide them in the right direction (Wofford and Liska, 1993). This type of leader also gives the necessary support to make sure that employees succeed and that goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the firm. Indra believes in motivating and empowering employees. While there may be slump in sales growth in Western markets, Indra motivates her employees not to give but to see the bigger picture of the business cycle. As a result, employees who relish a challenge are given the opportunity to have work stints abroad. Similarly, she did not close down or reduce the research and development facility, but did the reverse. By retaining employees during hard times, PepsiCo demonstrates that it values their contributions and this gesture causes tremendous goodwill among staff who reciprocated by working harder. One interesting way in which Indra motivates her senior executives is through non-financial ways. Most companies reward their senior executives with attractive remuneration packages. PepsiCo does more than that. Recently, Indra did the unprecedented by writing to the parents of the executives and thanking them for bringing up their children well. This created an emotional bond among her, the executives and their parents. The idea behind this occurred some years ago when she visited her mother in India. Her mother asked her to attend a formal function at home and all the guests complemented her mother on the good job she did in raising her (CNBC Business, 2008). This made Indra realize that she ought to thank the parents of her employees who did an amazing job raising them. As mentioned earlier, Indra is a firm believer in workplace diversity (CNBC Business, 2008). This may stem from the fact that as a woman and an Indian in America, she has a different outlook on life than the average white male CEO. Hence, men and women, people from different ethnic backgrounds and religious all stand an equal chance at getting promotion. Promotions are based solely on merit and diversity is also applied in the companys relations with its suppliers and customers. This is a strong motivator for all employees to try their best. Some organizations reward employees based on gender and racial lines. Hence, women and ethnic minorities are sidelined and not given due recognition for their contributions. This problem does not occur at Pepsi and there is evidence to show that employees are happier, more motivated and derive greater pride and satisfaction from their jobs. Similarly, the younger generations are drawn to work at Pepsi because they find it a challenging and enjoya ble place where they are understood and treated with respect. I am very inspired by Indra Nooyis leadership. She is proof that with intelligence, hard work and determination, anybody can succeed in whatever they choose. Yet, she is humble, friendly and does not lose sight of the more important things in life. She has repeatedly mentioned that she has to juggle the roles of CEO, mother, wife, daughter and daughter in law. Perhaps growing up in a traditional Indian family has taught her the importance of maintaining strong family bonds. This attitude is evident in PepsiCo, where she treats all employees as her extended family. Indra demonstrates that one does not have to be ruthless, manipulative and cruel to rise to the top as her nurturing and warm leadership style has not only endeared her to her employees, but motivates them to strive to do their best. This is leadership at its finest. Philip Green Able To Capitalize Opportunity Sir Philip Green is apparently planning to bring British Home Stores under the Arcadia umbrella (Seltzer Bass, 1990). This move might witness a cull of management jobs as he combines the two companies, which have previously been run as separate entities. But with the high street feeling the squeeze as more shoppers take the radical step of leaving their money in the bank (or under the mattress), Sir Philip is clearly on a mission to cut costs and this is an obvious way of doing it. The new set-up will see Bhs run in much the same way as the other brands in the Arcadia stable, allowing Green to combine head office functions like marketing, finance and supply chain. This will almost certainly mean that some executive roles will become surplus to requirements hence the likely nervousness this morning. Bhs became a real success story for Green after he bought it in 2000, although its sales have been flagging recently. Arcadia has also seen a mixed bag of results lately: the likes of Dorothy Perkins and Burton have been struggling, but Top Shop and Miss Selfridge have continued to produce record sales and profits (possibly because their younger clientele have more disposable income/ more money than sense). So its no surprise that Green is looking to retrench now, particularly with little sign of the high street gloom receding (Yukl, 1994). Equity theory Equity theory states that individuals compares their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then responds to eliminate any inequities (Robbins Judge 2007, p.185). That is, employees will become de-motivated if their perceived inputs are greater than the outputs from the company (Adams 1965, cited in Chapman 2006). His reputation as a retailer is arguably second only to his renown for striking remarkable deals. In 2005, he paid himself a  £1.2bn dividend from Arcadia, the retailer he had bought in 2002 with only a few million pounds of his own money. He can identify a target in hours, secure billions of pounds worth of funding in days and be exiting the business with multimillion pound profits in months. While his detractors have levelled accusations of asset stripping at him, he vigorously denies his deal-making nous makes him a one-man personification of private equity. From his location, he can survey the world famous high street of which he controls a major slice. In fact, thanks to Arcadia, he runs 12% of the UK clothing retail market. In its industry, Green is ranked second and on more than an occasion he was close to owning Marks Spencer. In fact, they could have taken a large amount looking at the number of people borrowing and even up to eight times cashflow. After they had done 1.2bn of dividend, that year the company made a  £327m operating profit. They could have borrowed far more, but thats never been my strategy. Its hard to argue when you consider that six years on, Arcadia has added a quarter of a million square feet of selling space, employs 25% more people and has generated in excess of  £2bn in EBITDA. Green worked very hard to develop Arcadias brand, which includes Topman, Topshop, Dorothy Perkins, Burton and Evans. For once, Green is the master of understatement. Under his stewardship, the shop has revolutionised high-street retailing. The previously mediocre store is now a talisman of UK fashion, loved by teenagers, celebrities and fashion editors. Increasing Influence Upon leaving school, Green worked for the family firm, one of the first shoe importers to bring products in from China and Hong Kong. Exposure to international trade proved invaluable, he is grateful that the people who trained him taught him about finance, credit, importing and product. If he was to become interested in the more creative, product-buying side of the business, his understanding of the basic principles of retailing was instinctive. The high street fashion tycoon is as well known for his affluent lifestyle as he is for his business acquisitions a  £7m yacht,  £5m birthday party and a present from his wife of a solid gold Monopoly set, to name a few of his extravagances. Of late he has become something of a celebrity thanks in part to a friendship and business arrangement he has struck up with supermodel Kate Moss, who designs a range for his Topshop chain. Hes also been spotted holidaying with both Sylvester Stallone and Simon Cowell. Conclusion and Recommendation In sum, developing an effective leadership in organizations is the most essential, yet the most difficult tasks for organization management. Great leadership is the combinations of individual traits, leading skills and of course the situational contexts (Kotler, 1990). As we have discussed above, effective leadership is require both intrapersonal and interpersonal skills. The intrapersonal skills are of paramount important, as it is logical and obvious that success or great leader all start from within. Only with personal inside strong desire to excel, passion, enthusiasm, determination, commitment, faith and effective personal values can a person become a true leader for others. A great leader among the people always starts as a great leader of his own. Then, interpersonal skills come into place, where the ability and skills to network, communicate and interact with the other people come into place. The effective leaders can guide companies through many different channels. Because o f this, it is important to know which leadership qualities motivate employees the best. Throughout the analysis and evaluation, there have been many leadership style theories identified. As we have found that, the autocratic leadership style has gone out of fashion in recent years, though certain situations, such as emergencies situations. Therefore, effective leaders must adjust the leadership style to various situations. In that sense, there is no one leadership style is appropriate for every occasion or situation. The most effective style to use depends upon the situation and whether the group members are willing and able to take on the responsibility. To be effective as a leader, its important to know your group in terms of knowledge, ability, desire and willingness, and be ready to adapt your style to suit the dynamic environment. An important task in the coming years will be the training and testing of future leaders. Further more, organizations have to have a bigger picture of long term success, that is strengthening leadership competencies will improve organizational effectiveness. When subordinates trusted their leaders leadership, and they deem it is equitable for them to obtain satisfactory rewards and outcomes when they made the greatest efforts. Therefore, effective leadership lead to a positive motivation and motivated employees will satisfy the customers of the organizations. In a long-term, it will help organization creating or maintaining a sustainable organizational competitive advantage.